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Authors
Mandil, Obada
Alrmali, Abdusalam
Kalani, Khushboo
Ray, Bidisha
Ghataliya, Parth
Alhazmi, Shahad
Levine, Robert A.
Saleh, Muhammad H.A.
Wang, Hom-Lay
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Article History
Received: 11 January 2025
Accepted: 25 May 2025
First Online: 5 June 2025
Declarations
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: Data were extracted from electronic patient charts of individuals undergoing periodontal treatment at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry between January 2001 and January 2021. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Michigan School Institutional Review Board (IRB) (ID: HUM00157260) and Amendment eResearch (ID: Ame00122603). The need for consent from all participants was waived by the IRB because of the nature of the study design.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
