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Authors
Abdul-Rahman Ishaq, Ramy
Alhammadi, Maged S.
Salah Fayed, Mona M.
Elkordy, Sherif A.
Alhashimi, Najah
Almashraqi, Abeer A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qatar University
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Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Cairo University in Egypt (IRB: 5/15-07-1220). All patients treated at the orthodontic department of Cairo University are requested to sign a consent that allows the use of their treatment records for research purposes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
