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Authors
Zhu, Long
Liang, Si
Yang, Yang
Su, Ziqi
Ou, Lijia
Zhang, Weimeng
Liu, Binjie
Liu, Ousheng
Feng, Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFC2402900)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81700988)
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021JJ40903)
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2025
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 9 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. NHANES 1999–2004 and 2009–2014 were approved by The NCHS Ethics Review Board (Protocol #98 − 12, Continuation of protocol #2005-06, Protocol #2011-17, and Continuation of protocol #2011-07), and informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was based on publicly available data. The acquisition and analysis of data were consistent with NHANES research requirements.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The NHANES program was endorsed by the NHANES Research Ethics Review Board. Informed consent was also gained from all participants. No extra ethical approval was required to analyze the public use data.
