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Authors
Al-Sosowa, Abeer A.
Abdulghani, Ehab A.
Dai, Anna
Huang, Jia-ping
Meng, Wang
Zhu, Jiajun
Ding, Pei-Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226-2024-00202)
Medical Interdisciplinary Innovation Program 2024 (null)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82470973, 82170953)
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province (LR23H140001)
Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2022C03088)
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 14 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Declarations
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: This is a cross-sectional study approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee at the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (ZJUSS), China (No. 2024-068).
: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
