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Authors
Jiang, Liuliu
Tang, Yifei
Xu, Lu
Wei, Yuan
Liu, Miaomiao
Che, Xiaoxuan
Xin, Ranran
Zhu, Yanan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (ZDXX25182)
Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (ZKX23053)
High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University (0224C010)
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study had Ethics Committee approval of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital (NJSH-2022NL-47) and has been registered at the clinical trial registry with the registration number “ChiCTR1800017220”. All subjects provided informed consent or assent participation. All patients received dental treatment at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital.
: (Not applicable)
: The authors declare no competing interests.
