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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 18 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University (Approval No: ECNG–R-506). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was not applicable owing to the in vitro nature of this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study. Although the experimental ultrasonic scaler tips were provided by the manufacturer, the company had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of the data, or manuscript preparation.