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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved 300 deidentified extracted human teeth obtained from the Adelaide University Dental Simulation Clinic. No personal identifiers, clinical information, or links to patient records were accessible to the authors. In accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (NHMRC, 2007) and the Adelaide University Human Research Ethics guidelines, research using existing collections of fully anonymized human biological materials and involving negligible risk is exempt from the requirement for Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) review. After completing the institutional Ethics Self- Assessment Checklist, this current project was classified as negligible risk research and formally exempted from HREC review. Therefore, ethics approval was not required under local institutional and national guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.