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Authors
Kou, Bingguo https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6576-9824
Xu, Yimeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-9421
Liu, Qiong https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5776-5901
Yang, Zexuan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4145-2778
Hui, Yue https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4187-6003
Lan, Siyu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0584-8129
Ye, Wenmin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2487-4913
Liu, Qian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Clinical Research Project of Fourth Military Medical University (2022LC2238; 2023LG2329)
Special Project of Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases (LCB202409)
Clinical New Technology Project of School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University (LX20022-301)
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Article History
Received: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 16 May 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fourth Military Medical University (Approval No. KQ-YJ-2025-198). As a retrospective study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.
: Not applicable. This is a retrospective study, and all patient data were anonymized, containing no personally identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
