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Article History

Received: 13 February 2025

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: This trial adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was conducted at five centers in China: School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an; Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an; and Xuzhou Municipal Central Hospital, Xuzhou. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of each center.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images.

: The authors declare no competing interests.