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Authors
Alkuwaykibi, Ahmed Saud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-8500
Sugaya, Tsutomu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-6237
Alruwaili, Mohammed Katib https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-8745
Takahashi, Naoki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-7260
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
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: Bovine teeth were obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse where animals were processed for food production purposes. In accordance with institutional guidelines, ethical approval was not required for the use of commercially sourced animal by-products for in vitro laboratory research.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
