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Authors
Zheng, Yunhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-2830
Yap, Adrian Ujin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0361-6209
Wong, Hui Loon
Tao, Weijie
Liu, Chenlu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9743-1282
Wang, Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-6295
Xiong, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-0970
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC0556)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82301129)
Clinical Research Project of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University (LCYJ-2023-YY-2)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 31 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol received approval from the institutional review board of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University (WCHSIRB-D-2022-137). All participants provided written informed consent after receiving comprehensive information about the study objectives, procedures, and their rights to withdraw at any time without affecting their clinical care.
: All participants provided explicit consent for the publication of the anonymized data obtained from them in a scientific journal.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Written consent was secured after a detailed explanation of the study’s aims, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to refuse or withdraw participation at any time without any detriment to their clinical care.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
