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Article History

Received: 14 April 2021

Accepted: 15 September 2021

First Online: 24 September 2021

Declarations

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: PVR, JJM, ECM, SEL declare that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this work. ARS is supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; Brazilian Federal Foundation for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education; grant number 88882.346693/2019–01). RAB has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: Pfizer, Torrent and Sanofi-Aventis. AG has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: Janssen, Aché, Daiichi-Sankyo, Cristália and Torrent in the last 3 years. LAR has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: Novartis/Sandoz and Shire/Takeda in the last three years. The ADHD and Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Programs chaired by LAR have received unrestricted educational and research support from the following pharmaceutical companies in the last three years: Novartis/Sandoz and Shire/Takeda. LAR has received authorship royalties from Oxford Press and ArtMed and travel grants from Shire to take part in the 2018 APA annual meeting. GAS is supported by the US National Institute of Mental Health (grant number R01MH120482). MSH is supported by the research grant of the Brazilian Ministry of Health under the “Termo De Execução Descentralizada—TED 12/2019”, the US National Institute of Mental Health (grant number R01MH120482) and by the Newton International Fellowship (Ref: NIF\R1\181942), awarded by the Academy of Medical Sciences through the UK Government's Newton Fund Programme. All author’s sponsors have no involvement with study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the report or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ARS wrote the first draft of the manuscript no honorarium, grant, or other form of payment was given to anyone to produce the manuscript. The cohort in which this data was collected was supported by the National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, a science and technology institute funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; grant numbers 573974/2008–0 and 465550/2014–2) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP; Research Support Foundation of the State of São Paulo; grant number 2008/57896–8 and 2014/50917–0).

: This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of São Paulo [IORG0004884/National Council of Health Registry number (CONEP): 15.457/Project IRB registration number: 1132/08] and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Participation in all phases of the study was voluntary and written consent and assent were obtained from the caregivers and youths, respectively. Verbal informed consent and assent were obtained from parents and youths who were unable to read or write.

: The manuscript final version and publication is approved by all authors.