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Article History

Received: 17 January 2024

Accepted: 5 January 2025

First Online: 18 January 2025

Declarations

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: Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Actelion, Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire, and Infectopharm. He received conference support or speaker’s fee by Lilly, Medice, and Shire. He received royalities from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press; the present work is unrelated to these relationships. Ulrike M.E. Schulze received funding by the EU FP7 Programme and actually serves an unpaid ethics advisor for two other EU-funded projects. She received speaker’s fee from Shire. Celso Arango has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Ambrosseti, Caja Navarra, CIBERSAM, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, Forum, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Ministerio de Sanidad, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Mutua Madrileña, Otsuka, Roche, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovio and Takeda. Daniel Brandeis serves as an unpaid scientific advisor for an EU-funded Neurofeedback trial unrelated to the present work. Barbara Franke received an educational speaking fee from Shire and Medice. Jan K. Buitelaar has been consultant to/member of advisory board of and/or speaker for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Takeda/Shire, Roche, Medice, Angelini, Novartis and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, nor a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, and royalties. I. Hyun Ruisch is an employee of Drug Target ID, Ltd., but his activities at this company do not constitute competing interests with regard to this paper. The other authors do not report any biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.