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Authors
Bacher, Janine https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6256-3860
von Planta, Beryll
Bernhard, Anka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-1360
Fairchild, Graeme https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7814-9938
Jansen, Lucres https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8475-4050
De Brito, Stephane A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-6185
Freitag, Christine M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-4782
Konrad, Kerstin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2615
Stadler, Christina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0635
Kohls, Gregor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-2939
Unternaehrer, Eva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-1883
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Basel
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 10 August 2025
First Online: 27 August 2025
Declarations
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: The FemNAT-CD project received ethical approval from the relevant local ethics committees, as follows: Aachen: Ethik Kommission Medizinische Fakultät der Rheinisch Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen (EK027/14). Amsterdam: Medisch Etische Toetsingscommissie (2014.188). Athens: Election Committee of the First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition University Hospital (641/9.11.2015). Barcelona: Child and Adolescent Mental Health—University Hospital Mutua Terrassa (acta 12/13). Basel: Ethik Kommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ 336/13). Bilbao: Hospital del Basurto. Birmingham and Southampton: University Ethics Committee and National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (NRES Committee West Midlands, Edgbaston; REC reference 13/WM/0483). Dublin: SJH/AMNCH Research Ethics Committee (2014/04/Chairman (3)). Frankfurt: Ethik Kommission Medizinische Fakultät Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (445/13). Szeged (Hungary): Egészségügyi Tudományos Tanács Humán Reprodukciós Bizottság (CSR/039/00392–3/2014). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 16 years and older. For participants under the age of 16, assent was obtained from the participants themselves, and informed consent was provided by their legal guardian(s).
: All participants, as well as their legal guardian(s), signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.
: C.S. receives royalties for a book on aggression. C.M.F. receives royalties for books on ADHD, ASD and Depression. She has served as a consultant to Desitin and Roche. K.K. has received speaker fees from Shire Pharmaceuticals and Medice. S.A.D.B. has received speaker fees from the Child Mental Health Centre and the Centre for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging. The remaining authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.
