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Article History

Received: 13 May 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

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: The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

: Johannes Hebebrand and Jochen Antel declare that they were named as inventors in a patent application that the University of Duisburg-Essen filed on the use of leptin analogues for the treatment of depression. Johannes Hebebrand and Jochen Antel declare that they were named as inventors in two patent applications that the University of Duisburg-Essen had filed on the use of leptin analogues for treating anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa. Johannes Hebebrand received speaker’s honoraria from Amryt Pharmaceuticals and Novo-Nordisk. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.