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Article History

Received: 22 April 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 16 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: None of the authors have any relevant financial relationship(s) with a commercial interest. The authors declare no financial conflict of interest.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

: This is a retrospective study using de-identified data from the National Trauma Data Bank. According to institutional policy, the study was determined to be exempt from IRB review and does not require formal ethics approval.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.