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Authors
Rijal, Saroja
Hashim, Uda
Uda, M. N. Afnan
Uda, M. N. A.
Pamungkas, Yuri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Revised: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethics approval was not required for this study as it did not involve any human or animal subjects. Therefore, the authors did not provide statements regarding with Consent to Participate and Consent to Publish.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: AI tools (Grammarly, USA) were used exclusively for language editing and improvement of grammar and readability. All conceptualization, data interpretation, and scientific conclusions were prepared and verified solely by the authors.
