Owei, L.
Swendiman, R. A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1592-0120
Torres-Landa, S.
Dempsey, D. T.
Dumon, K. R.
Article History
Received: 16 January 2019
Accepted: 27 March 2019
First Online: 20 April 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: This manuscript has not been previously published and is not under consideration in the same or substantially similar form in any other journal. The above authors are qualified for authorship and have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pennsylvania.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
: Informed consent was waived due to the de-identified nature of the American College of Surgeon NSQIP database.