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Authors
Wang, Wendy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8630-2796
Haq, Javairia
Long-Mills, Em
Tumin, Dmitry
Chumakova-Orin, Maryna
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.
: This study was deemed exempt from IRB review as it involved analysis of deidentified data from the ACS-NSQIP database.
: Not applicable.
: Wendy Wang, Javairia Haq, Em Long-Mills, Dmitry Tumin, and Maryna Chumakova-Orin declare that they have no conflict of interest.
