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Article History

Received: 20 September 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics committee approval was obtained at each participating center, and the study was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India vide registration number CTRI/2024/03/064267.

: All participants provided written informed consent before participation, after being adequately informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Signed consent forms were obtained and securely documented at each participating center. The study protocol and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as the institutional ethics committee approvals obtained at each site. Compliance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines was ensured throughout the study to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of participants.

: The corresponding author gives consent for this work to be published on behalf of all the authors.

: AD and KB are employees of Intuitive Surgical, California, USA. All other authors report no conflicts of interest. The study was conducted independently, without organizational influence or financial ties. Some authors have served as proctors for Intuitive Surgical; however, this role was independent of the present research.There are no financial interests of the authors that ought to be disclosed.

: This study does not contain any prospective data collection and in no way violate any of the human or animal rights.