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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

: The requirement of ethical approval was waived by Division of General Surgery, UNC for the studies involving humans because deidentified data from national database. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The ethics committee/institutional review board also waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin because observation retrospective study with deidentified data from national database.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Dr. Sergio Mazzola reports receiving honoraria from Intuitive and Distal Motion for unrelated work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.