Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Schroeder, Alexander D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-4186
Florin, Jorge L.
Johnson, Christopher J.
Chen, David C.
Ballecer, Conrad
Schroeder, Michael
Gerhart, Clark
Reinpold, Wolfgang
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
:
: All human specimens in the study were managed according to the University of California policy for the Anatomical Donation Program and Anatomic Materials: .
: Authors ADS, JLF, CJJ, DCC, and CB have received consulting fees from Intuitive for robotic proctoring unrelated to this study. Author CG is Associate Medical Officer for SP, Intuitive.
: Product and brand names/logos, including Intuitive, da Vinci, and Ion, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intuitive Surgical or their respective owner. See intuitive.com/trademarks.
