Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Although formal ethics committee approval and informed consent were not initially considered mandatory due to the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of identifiable personal patient information, ethical approval was subsequently obtained from the Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul Kent University (Protocol No: 2026-06; Approval Date: 13 May 2026). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript. No financial, personal, or professional relationships exist that could be perceived to influence the work described in this study. Neither author has received financial support, gifts, or other benefits from companies producing or marketing bupivacaine or other related products.