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Article History

Received: 14 March 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have filed a patent application related to the haptic feedback technology discussed in this paper, which is currently under review. However, this patent applciation does not influence the integrity, objectivity, or scientific validity of the research presented.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set forth by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and received IRB approval from Purdue University. Prior to participation, all individuals provided written informed consent, acknowledging their voluntary involvement in the study. Participants were informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. All collected data was fully anonymized to protect participant identities and used exclusively for research purposes. No personally identifiable information was stored or shared, and data confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the research process.

: This manuscript does not contain any personally identifiable participant data. As part of the informed consent process, participants agreed that their anonymized responses and findings from the study may be used in research publications.

: All research activities were conducted in accordance with institutional and national research guidelines.