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Authors
Choi, Haram https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-8525
Nam, Sanghun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4634-9948
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Changwon National University (Foundational and Protective Field of Studies Support Project)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF2020R1I1A3051739)
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2024
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: According to the policy of the Institute for Bioethics Policy in South Korea, even when conducting research involving human participants, studies conducted using non-invasive methods are exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review. In this study, eye-tracking technology was used in a non-invasive manner solely to obtain participants’ gaze direction for the purpose of visualizing depth cues. Therefore, this study falls under the IRB exemption category, and an IRB application was not submitted in advance.
: Informed consent was obtained from individual participants, and they were informed that they could withdraw from the experiment at any time if any issues arose during the study.
