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Authors
Kim, Subok
Kim, Sunmin
Jang, Sanghun
Lee, Onseok
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Research Foundation of Korea (2021R1A6A3A13045159)
the National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-24532986)
BK21 FOUR (5199990914048)
the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund
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Article History
Received: 16 August 2024
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: In accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, Korea National University of Transportation was approved by the institutional review board (KNUT IRB 2023–26). The experiment was conducted after obtaining written consent.
