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Model for the maximum impact force and penetration depth of ellipsoidal rockfall impacting sand cushion: experimental, numerical and theoretical insights

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-025-04508-4

Published Online: 2025-12-05

Published Print: 2026-01

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Liu, Xiao-Wei

Qin, Sheng-Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-1101
Rao, Wen-Di

Yao, Jing-Yu

Zhang, Chao-Biao

Lv, Jiang-Feng
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (41972267)

Natural Science Foundation of China (41977221)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-05

Version of Record valid from 2025-12-05
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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

: Acknowledgments.

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