Funding for this research was provided by:
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2468222)
Gansu Province Science and Technology Foundation for Youths (24JRRA098)
Program of the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineeringļ¼CAS (SKLFSE-ZQ-202401)
Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province (22JR5RA059)
Article History
Received: 29 November 2022
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.