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Authors
Xie, Jiren
Chen, Jiaxun
Maqsood, Zain
Li, Kaihui
Zhao, Siyuan
Fang, Kun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8866-4076
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 5220082708)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 2021JJ40764)
the open project of Hunan Tieyuan Civil Engineering Testing Co., Ltd (Grant no. H202201260480001)
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2024
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: There is no conflict of interest.
