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Article History

Received: 29 June 2025

Revised: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 21 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study is exempt from informed consent. The data reviewed is a secondary analysis of existing data, does not involve intervention or interaction with human subjects, and is de-identified per the de-identification standard defined in Section §164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This formal determination by a qualified expert refreshed on December 2020.

: Shih-Wei Lai, Yu-Hung Kuo, and Kuan-Fu Liao disclose that they have no conflict of interest.