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Authors
Zhou, Jinlei
Zhang, Yuan
Xie, Shanggao
Li, Yanlei
Sun, Qice
Tang, Xujie
Zhao, Tingxiao
Chen, Xinji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2950-0597
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2024
Revised: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: Our study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Supplementary Table ). This study drew upon de-identified, publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Consequently, ethical approval was not required for this secondary analysis. The original GBD 2021 study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and received approval from the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (IRB) under a waiver of informed consent for the use of de-identified data. Comprehensive details on ethical oversight and data use protocols are available in the GBD study protocol: .
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
