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Article History

Received: 8 May 2025

Revised: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The NHANES program was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Institutional Review Board (Protocol #98–12 #2005–06 #2011–17). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to participation in this study. Before being added to the NHANES database, each participant must provide written informed consent. Written informed consent and ethical applications are covered in depth on the NHANES website.

: Not applicable.

: Inapplicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.