Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82102030)
Article History
Received: 21 August 2025
Revised: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was a secondary analysis using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). The OAI study is HIPAA compliant and approved by the institutional review boards at each clinical site (IRB approval number 10–00532, approved 10 March, 2015). All participants in the OAI provided written informed consent at the time of enrollment.
: None.