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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Revised: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Provided by South West–Central Bristol Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 22/SW/0145).

: All study participants gave formal, informed, and written consent, preceding their consecutive enrollment into the database.

: Madhur Varadpande is a medical student at Imperial College London. Madhur Varadpande has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Simon Erridge is a resident doctor and Research Director at Curaleaf Clinic. Simon Erridge is a research fellow at Imperial College London. Simon Erridge has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Arushika Aggarwal is a medical student at Imperial College London. Arushika Aggarwal has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Evonne Clarke is the Patient Care Director at Curaleaf Clinic. Evonne Clarke has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Katy McLachlan is the Chief Pharmacist at Curaleaf Clinic. Katy McLachlan has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Ross Coomber is a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at St George’s Hospital, London, and Operations Director at Curaleaf Clinic. Ross Coomber has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Shelley Barnes is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Shelley Barnes has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Alia Darweish Medniuk is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Alia Darweish Medniuk has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Rahul Guru is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Rahul Guru has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Wendy Holden is a consultant rheumatologist and pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Wendy Holden has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Mohammed Sajad is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Mohammed Sajad has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Robert Seale is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Robert Seale has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Azfer Usmani is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Azfer Usmani has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Sanjay Varma is a consultant pain specialist at Curaleaf Clinic. Sanjay Varma has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.James Rucker is a consultant psychiatrist at Curaleaf Clinic. James Rucker is an honorary consultant psychiatrist at The South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and an NIHR Clinician Scientist Fellow at the Centre for Affective Disorders at King’s College London. James Rucker is funded by a fellowship (CS-2017–17-007) from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. James Rucker leads the Psychedelic Trials Group at King’s College London. King’s College London receives grant funding from COMPASS Pathways PLC to undertake phase 1 and phase 2 trials with psilocybin. COMPASS Pathways PLC has paid for James Rucker to attend trial-related meetings and conferences to present the results of research using psilocybin. James Rucker has undertaken paid consultancy work for Beckley PsyTech and Clerkenwell Health. Payments for consultancy work are received and managed by King’s College London, and James Rucker does not benefit personally. James Rucker has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Michael Platt is a consultant in pain services at Curaleaf Clinic. Michael Platt has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.Mikael Sodergren is a consultant hepatopancreatobiliary surgeon at Imperial College NHS Trust, London, a senior clinical lecturer at Imperial College London, and the chief medical officer of Curaleaf International. Mikael Sodergren has no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies.