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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Revised: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 13 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocols for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. This study utilized de-identified, publicly available data and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form that would require consent for publication.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.