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Authors
Hou, Shuting
Tang, Zhenlin
Zhou, Xiaodi
Shang, Jiaxiang
Zhao, Xinyi
Ma, Ruixia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5492-2575
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022MH161)
Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (NO. tstp20230665)
Qingdao Medical and Health Research Program Project (2021-WJZD189)
Qingdao Key Health Discipline Development Fund
Qingdao Key Clinical Specialty Elite Discipline
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Revised: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Compliance with ethical standards
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: Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (No. QYFYWZLL28881). The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study included minors, informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians prior to treatment. All patients provided informed consent before treatment.
: During the preparation of this work, the authors used Chatgpt to enhance language clarity and readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
: None.
