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Authors
Patel, Shlok V.
Khan, Shujaa T.
Brahmbhatt, Smit
Deren, Matthew E.
Piuzzi, Nicolas S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3007-7538
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2026
Revised: 29 June 2026
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 11 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was exempt from Institutional Review Board approval because it used preexisting and completely de-identified data from the All of Us Research Program.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Authors 1, 2, and 3 report no conflicts of interest. Author 4 (M.E.D) reports the following conflicts of interest unrelated to the current study: Brasseler: Paid consultant. The Journal of Knee Surgery: Editorial or governing board. Author 5 (N.S.P) has the following disclosures not related to the present study: Grants or contracts – Osteal Therapeutics, Peptilogics, RegenLab, Signature Orthopedics, Zimmer, and Stryker; Consulting fees – Zimmer, Pacira Pharmaceutical, and Stryker; Editorial board member or Leadership role – JBJS, American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, and Orthopaedic Research Society .
