Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 September 2020

Accepted: 26 April 2021

First Online: 28 May 2021

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: Procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Eastern Michigan University (Protocol Approval Number: 2015-072). The collection, transportation, and possession of wild migratory birds (i.e., red crossbills) for scientific purposes from/to Michigan, Washington, and Wyoming was authorized by the Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Federal Fish and Wildlife Permit # MB61025B-0). Throughout this experiment, individually housed birds were always housed next to a companion and time spent in individual cages was kept to a minimum. Study subjects were released at capture sites and returned to wild populations after 1 year in captivity.