Document is current

Article History

Received: 1 June 2022

Revised: 20 May 2023

Accepted: 24 May 2023

First Online: 20 June 2023

Declarations

:

: Beatrice Gammino was supported by the Erasmus traineeship program of the University of Turin. David Reby and Holly Root-Gutteridge were supported by BBSRC grant BB/P00170X/1 (How dogs hear us) and David Reby was also supported by the University of Lyon IDEXLYON project as part of the ‘Programme Investissements d’Avenir’ (ANR-16-IDEX-0005). The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

: All the institutions hosting the animals granted permission to conduct this study. Playbacks were always emitted from outside the enclosures without invasive or exceptional manipulation of the subjects and wolves were monitored for any signs of stress. If any had been observed, the study would have been suspended. The care of the wolves adhered to the guidelines of the European Endangered Species Program, developed by the European Association and Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). We collected consent forms for all the individuals who contributed recordings of their voices we then used during the experiments. Due to the absence of potential discomfort for the wolves (e.g., separation of the animals during the playbacks, direct contact with humans), the study did not require approval from the Ethics Committee of the Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology of the University of Torino at the time the experiments were performed.