Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
Article History
Received: 6 February 2024
Accepted: 6 August 2024
First Online: 23 September 2024
Declarations
:
: All experiments were performed in Austria. According to the Austrian Animal Experiments Act (§ 2, Federal Law Gazette No. 501/1989), non-invasive behavioural studies are not considered as animal experiments and no special permission for use of animals in such studies is required. The project was presented to the ethics commission of the University of Vienna and it was confirmed that no ethical approval is required to carry out the study. All procedures comply with the “Guidelines for the Treatment of Animals in Behavioural Research and Teaching” of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). All breeders gave their written informed consent for their puppies to participate in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.