Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 January 2025

Revised: 17 May 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 3 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The housing and testing conditions comply with the ASAB/ABS Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research, the Austrian government guidelines, and the institutional guidelines of the University of Vienna. The license number for animal keeping from the Ministry for Science and Research is GZ 2021 − 0.391.938 The design of the study was approved by the Animal Ethics and Experimentation Board of the Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna (18 − 011). The entire data collection was non-invasive, with the ravens staying in their own aviaries and the experimenter passing by outside on the visitor path.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.