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Authors
Hope, Sydney F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3711-8593
Dittakul, Sangpa
Yindee, Marnoch
Angkawanish, Taweepoke
Plotnik, Joshua M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-8818
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF-2022-30066; doi.org/10.54224/30066)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF-2022-30066; doi.org/10.54224/30066)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF-2022-30066; doi.org/10.54224/30066)
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Article History
Received: 20 June 2025
Revised: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 13 September 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: JMP is the president of Think Elephants International, Inc., a charity dedicated to elephant conservation. The authors have no other competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: This research was approved by the National Research Council of Thailand and the National Elephant Institute’s administrative and veterinary teams. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Hunter College (JP_ProblemSolvingElephants 6/26) and the Walailak University (WU-ACUC-66042) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
