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Authors
Mazza, Valeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-3417
Schianini, Virginia https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9101-181X
Canestrelli, Daniele https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-4972
Carere, Claudio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-2113
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Biodiversity Future Centre—NBFC (J83C22000860007, J83C22000860007, J83C22000860007, J83C22000860007)
PRIN project PL-ASTICI (20223EETLW)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Revised: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Behavioural observations of wild Apodemus mice were conducted according to guidelines obtained from the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), and with a permit from the Abruzzo, Lazio, and Molise National Park (protocol nr. 1488-06022024). Experiments were performed on a voluntary-participation basis, without contact or interference from researchers (no trapping or handling), and in accordance with all applicable international, national and/or institutional guidelines for the use of animals, including the ASAB/ABS guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research (ASAB Ethical Committee/ABS Animal Care Committee ). Testing stations were positioned in suitable, sheltered areas (i.e. under vegetation cover) to maximise the perception of safety. During data collection, daily checks to the camera-traps were made with a slow approach to reduce the risk of disturbing nearby animals, thereby affecting their natural behaviour. In all our field recordings, we never observed mice being disturbed away from the station by an approaching researcher.
