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Authors
Szipl, Georgine
Baotic, Anton
Kotrschal, Kurt
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Austrian Science Fund (P18920)
Austrian Science Fund (P361202)
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Revised: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This is a non-invasive and observational study and did not require ethics approval at the time conducted. The ethics committee of BH Gmunden (permit number Sich71-1309) specifically approved observing the jackdaws for this study. The study further adheres to ASAB/ABS’s guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research (Abs ), and the legal requirements in Austria (Austrian Animal Experiments Act 2012, Federal Law Gazette I No. 114/2012).
