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Authors
Costiuc, Catalina https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7835-1254
Latchem, Elias https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4864-1109
Balshine, Sigal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-0517
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN2022-05353)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN2022-05353)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN2022-05353)
Ontario Council on Graduate Studies, Council of Ontario Universities
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Revised: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 14 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Collection, animal housing, and experimental procedures employed in our experiments were reviewed and approved by the McMaster University Animal Research Ethics Committee (AUP: 22-03-09). This study was in agreement with guidelines set forth by the Canadian Council on Animal Care (Olfert et al. ). During experimentation, our trials were regularly reviewed by the McMaster University Animal Care Committee. Upon completion of the experiments, fish were returned to their original social groups in their social tanks. Aggression was thoroughly monitored upon the return of the individuals, and no indication of distress or discomfort was observed.
