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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Revised: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was strictly non-invasive and observational, adhering fully to ethical standards and guidelines set by the involved research institutions. It adhered to the guidelines set forth by the United Kingdom’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986, as well as the ethical standards for the treatment of non-human primates outlined by the American Society of Primatologists. This study was categorized as a non-animal experiment under the German Animal Welfare Act of May 25, 1998 (Section V, Article 7), and therefore did not require approval from an ethics committee. To minimize the risk of disease transmission, observers followed strict hygiene protocols, including a five-day quarantine period and wearing face masks during data collection. All applicable international, national, and institutional regulations regarding animal care and use were strictly followed.