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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Revised: 21 May 2026

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All applicable institutional, national and international guidelines for the use and care of animals were followed. We state that the study was carried out in accordance with the local committees’ guidelines and reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines ( ). We received the necessary permission from the University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (UIACUC, Eötvös Loránd University. Hungary). Ethical approval (PE/EA/430-6/2018) was obtained through the National Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee, Food Chain Safety and Animal Health Directorate Government Office in Budapest, Hungary (Állatkísérleti Tudományos Etikai Tanács, Pest Megyei Kormányhivatal Élelmiszerlánc-Biztonsági és Állategészségügyi Igazgatósága). According to the definition by Hungarian law, the current study is not considered an animal experiment, and the procedure itself was non-invasive. Dog owners were volunteers who received no monetary compensation and provided written informed consent. Furthermore, the study did not cause any harm to the dogs, and none of them showed signs of excessive distress during the experiment.

: includes a table related to the Methods.