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Authors
Golański, Cyryl https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-4470
Antoł, Weronika https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-330X
Witek, Magdalena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-8981
Miler, Krzysztof https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7684-0629
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland (501-D125-01-1250000 zlec. 501 1000 191)
National Science Centre, Poland (Sonata UMO-2021/43/D/NZ8/01044)
National Science Centre, Poland (Sonata UMO-2021/43/D/NZ8/01044)
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Article History
Received: 23 January 2026
Revised: 27 May 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 21 June 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval: No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study, because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species. The experimental protocols used were standard in the field. They introduced stressors (in the form of catching and immobilization), and in the case of hemolymph extraction, also the death of individuals. Care was taken to balance the sample size in order to produce dependable results, but minimize the number of individuals used, and to return the individuals to their home hives after the completion of the behavioral tests.
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
