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Authors
Machado, Julia M. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2391-3328
Ward, Samantha J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5857-1071
Waller, Bridget M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6303-7458
Paukner, Annika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-1864
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
VC Studentship from Nottingham Trent University
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2026
Revised: 29 June 2026
Accepted: 4 July 2026
First Online: 19 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics Approval: This study involved a questionnaire-based qualitative behavioral assessment conducted by zookeepers, who provided verbal and written informed consent to participate before the study period began. In addition, this study involved positive-reinforcement-based training in zoo-housed apes. The study protocol was assessed and approved by the ethics boards of both Nottingham Trent University and Twycross Zoo.
