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Article History

Received: 4 December 2023

Accepted: 30 January 2024

First Online: 15 February 2024

Declarations

:

: The central Human Research Ethics Committee at Alfred Health approved the study (HREC/17/Alfred/168). Patients or the person(s) responsible (in cases where the patient could not consent themselves) provided informed consent.

: Prof. Terence O’Brien has received support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and Monash University. He has been supported by research grants and consultancies to his institution from Eisai, UCB Pharma, Praxis Precision Medicines, BioGen, and Supernus. A/Prof. Mastura Monif has received research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Medical Research Future Fund, Brain Foundation, Charles and Sylvia Viertel Foundation, and MS Research Australia. MM has also been supported by research grants from Merck and Ku Leuven University, served on the advisory board for Merck, and has received speaker honoraria from Merch and Biogen. Dr. Katherine Buzzard has received speaker’s honoraria and/or conference support from Biogen, Alexion, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Novartis, and Roche. KB has received research grants from CSL and has served on advisory boards for Merck and Biogen. Prof. Helmut Butzkueven’s research is funded by an Australian National Health Medical Research Council Investigator Grant. His institution receives funding from Biogen, Roche, Merck, Alexion, and Novartis for speaker engagements, study steering, and advisory committee service. He is on the editorial board of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders and the Steering Committee of the Brain Health Initiative (Oxford Health Policy Forum). Associate Professor Charles Malpas has received conference travel support from Merck, Novartis, and Biogen. He has received research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital Neuroscience Foundation, and Dementia Australia. Associate Professor Udaya Seneviratne has received travel and speaker honoraria from Eisai Australia and LivaNova Australia. Professor Tomas Kalincik served on scientific advisory boards for Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Merck KGaA, and Biogen, steering committee for Brain Atrophy Initiative by Sanofi Genzyme, received conference travel support and/or speaker honoraria from WebMD Global, Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, BioCSL, and Merck KGaA, and received research or educational event support from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Celgene, and Merck KGaA. The remaining authors report no competing interests.